Electrolyte disorders: Insights into sodium imbalances

Electrolyte disturbances are frequently encountered in out-of-hospital care, yet they can be challenging for paramedics to identify. These imbalances often result from a range of underlying conditions and, if left unrecognised or untreated, can significantly compromise patient outcomes — manifesting as arrhythmias, neurological impairments, or even death. Paramedics play a vital role in the early identification and management of these disturbances, forming a crucial link in the chain of care.

This course focuses specifically on sodium disturbances, exploring both hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia. Through an examination of the underlying pathophysiology and common clinical presentations, learners will develop practical strategies for identifying and managing these imbalances in the field.

Learning outcomes:

1. Examine homeostatic mechanisms responsible for maintaining optimal concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
2. Define hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia.
3. Examine risk factors, common causes, and the clinical manifestations of hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia.
4. Apply your understanding of sodium disturbances to a clinical case study.
5. Examine real-world examples of sodium disturbances and identify high-risk patient populations.
6. Identify key considerations in the management of sodium disturbances and examine how it might affect your practice.